|
}} The Khwarazmian dynasty ( or ; also known as the Khwarezmid dynasty, dynasty of Khwarazm Shahs, and other spelling variants; from Persian ', "Kings of Khwarezmia") was a Persianate〔C. E. Bosworth: (KHWARAZMSHAHS i. Descendants of the line of Anuštigin ). In Encyclopaedia Iranica, online ed., 2009: ''"Little specific is known about the internal functioning of the Khwarazmian state, but its bureaucracy, directed as it was by Persian officials, must have followed the Saljuq model. This is the impression gained from the various Khwarazmian chancery and financial documents preserved in the collections of enšāʾdocuments and epistles from this period. The authors of at least three of these collections—Rašid-al-Din Vaṭvāṭ (d. 1182-83 or 1187-88), with his two collections of rasāʾel, and Bahāʾ-al-Din Baḡdādi, compiler of the important Ketāb al-tawaṣṣol elā al-tarassol—were heads of the Khwarazmian chancery. The Khwarazmshahs had viziers as their chief executives, on the traditional pattern, and only as the dynasty approached its end did ʿAlāʾ-al-Din Moḥammad in ca. 615/1218 divide up the office amongst six commissioners (wakildārs; see Kafesoğlu, pp. 5-8, 17; Horst, pp. 10-12, 25, and passim). Nor is much specifically known of court life in Gorgānj under the Khwarazmshahs, but they had, like other rulers of their age, their court eulogists, and as well as being a noted stylist, Rašid-al-Din Vaṭvāṭ also had a considerable reputation as a poet in Persian."''〕〔Homa Katouzian, "Iranian history and politics", Published by Routledge, 2003. pg 128: "''Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time. At the same time, the official language was Persian, the court literature was in Persian, and most of the chancellors, ministers, and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability''"〕〔"Persian Prose Literature." World Eras. 2002. HighBeam Research. (September 3, 2012);"''Princes, although they were often tutored in Arabic and religious subjects, frequently did not feel as comfortable with the Arabic language and preferred literature in Persian, which was either their mother tongue—as in the case of dynasties such as the Saffarids (861–1003), Samanids (873–1005), and Buyids (945–1055)—or was a preferred lingua franca for them—as with the later Turkish dynasties such as the Ghaznawids (977–1187) and Saljuks (1037–1194)''". ()〕 Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turkic ''mamluk'' origin.〔Bosworth in ''Camb. Hist. of Iran'', Vol. V, pp. 66 & 93; B.G. Gafurov & D. Kaushik, ''"Central Asia: Pre-Historic to Pre-Modern Times"''; Delhi, 2005; ISBN 81-7541-246-1〕〔C. E. Bosworth, ''"CHORASMIA ii. In Islamic times"'' in: Encyclopaedia Iranica (reference to Turkish scholar Kafesoğlu), v, p. 140, Online Edition: ''"The governors were often Turkish slave commanders of the Saljuqs; one of them was Anūštigin Ḡaṛčaʾī, whose son Qoṭb-al-Dīn Moḥammad began in 490/1097 what became in effect a hereditary and largely independent line of ḵǰᵛārazmšāhs."'' ((LINK ))〕 The dynasty ruled large parts of Greater Iran during the High Middle Ages, in the approximate period of 1077 to 1231, first as vassals of the Seljuqs〔Rene Grousset, ''The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia'', Transl. Naomi Walford, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 159.〕 and Kara-Khitan,〔Biran, Michel, ''The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian history'', (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 44.〕 and later as independent rulers, up until the Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia in the 13th century. The dynasty was founded by Anush Tigin Gharchai, a former Turkish slave of the Seljuq sultans, who was appointed the governor of Khwarezm. His son, Qutb ad-Din Muhammad I, became the first hereditary Shah of Khwarezm.〔Encyclopaedia Britannica, "Khwarezm-Shah-Dynasty", ((LINK ))〕 ==History== The date of the founding of the Khwarazmian dynasty remains debatable. During a revolt in 1017, Khwarezmian rebels murdered Abu'l-Abbas Ma'mun and his wife, Hurra-ji, sister of the Ghaznavid sultan Mahmud.〔C.E. Bosworth, ''The Ghaznavids:994-1040'', (Edinburgh University Press, 1963), 237. 〕 In response, Mahmud invaded and occupied the region of Khwarezm, which included Nasa and the ''ribat'' of Farawa.〔C.E. Bosworth, ''The Ghaznavids:994-1040'', 237. 〕 As a result, Khwarezm became a province of the Ghaznavid Empire from 1017 to 1034. In 1077 the governorship of the province, which since 1042/1043 belonged to the Seljuqs, fell into the hands of Anush Tigin Gharchai, a former Turkic slave of the Seljuq sultan. In 1141, the Seljuq Sultan Ahmed Sanjar was defeated by the Kara Khitay at the battle of Qatwan, and Anush Tigin's grandson Ala ad-Din Atsiz became a vassal to Yelü Dashi of the Kara Khitan.〔Biran, Michel, ''The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History'', (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 44.〕 Sultan Ahmed Sanjar died in 1156. As the Seljuk state fell into chaos, the Khwarezm-Shahs expanded their territories southward. In 1194, the last Sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire, Toghril III, was defeated and killed by the Khwarezm ruler Ala ad-Din Tekish, who conquered parts of Khorasan and western Iran. In 1200, Tekish died and was succeeded by his son, Ala ad-Din Muhammad, who initiated a conflict with the Ghurids and was defeated by them at Amu Darya (1204).〔Rene, Grousset, ''The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia'', (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 168.〕 Following the sack of Khwarizm, Muhammad appealed for aid from his suzerain, the Kara Khitai who sent him an army.〔Rene, Grousset, 168.〕 With this reinforcement, Muhammad won a victory over the Ghorids at Hezarasp (1204) and forced them out of Khwarizm. Muhammad's gratitude towards his suzerain was short-lived. He again initiated a conflict, this time with the aid of the Kara-Khanids, and defeated a Kara-Khitai army at Talas (1210),〔Rene, Grousset, 169.〕 but allowed Samarkand (1210) to be occupied by the Kara-Khitai.〔Rene, Grousset, 234.〕 He overthrew the Karakhanids (1212)〔Rene, Grousset, 237.〕 and Ghurids (1215). In 1212, Muhammad II shifted capital from Gurganj to Samarkand. Thus Muhammad II incorporated nearly the whole of Transoxania and present-day Afghanistan into his empire, which after further conquests in western Persia (by 1217) stretched from the Syr Darya to the Zagros Mountains, and from the northern parts of the Hindu Kush to the Caspian Sea. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Khwarazmian dynasty」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|